Determination of the event collision time with the ALICE detector at the LHC

Particle identification is an important feature of the ALICE detector at the LHC. In particular, for particle identification via the time-of-flight technique, the precise determination of the event collision time represents an important ingredient of the quality of the measurement. In this paper, the different methods used for such a measurement in ALICE by means of the T0 and the TOF detectors are reviewed. Efficiencies, resolution and the improvement of the particle identification separation power of the methods used are presented for the different LHC colliding systems (pp , p-Pb and Pb-Pb) during the first period of data taking of LHC (Run 1).


Introduction
The main task of the ALICE experiment [1,2] at the LHC is the study of the properties of the strongly interacting, dense and hot matter created in high-energy heavy-ion collisions. Many physics analyses are based on the capability of the ALICE detector to perform Particle IDentification (PID) using different and complementary techniques. In the intermediate momentum range (from 0.5 to 3-4 GeV/c) this task is mainly accomplished using the time-of-flight measurements which rely on a precise determination of the event collision time, the track length and momentum, and the arrival time of the tracks to the Time-of-Flight (TOF) detector.
The track length and momentum measurement is defined by the Inner Tracking System (ITS) and the Time Projection Chamber (TPC) [3]. The ITS is composed of six cylindrical layers of silicon detectors, located at radial distances between 3.9 and 43 cm from the beam axis. The TPC is a large volume cylindrical chamber with high-granularity readout that surrounds the ITS covering the region 85 < r < 247 cm and -250 < z < 250 cm in the radial r and longitudinal z directions, respectively. These detectors, covering the pseudo-rapidity interval -0.9 ≤ η ≤ 0.9 for tracks reaching the outer layer of the TPC, also provide PID information via the specific energy loss (dE/dx) measurements.
The measurement of the time-of-flight of the tracks is based on the TOF detector. On the other hand, the event collision time t ev is determined with the information coming from both the TOF and the T0 detectors.
The TOF system [4] covers the pseudo-rapidity interval -0.9 ≤ η ≤ 0.9 and full azimuthal acceptance. The system is located, according to a cylindrical symmetry, at an average distance of 3.8 m from the beam pipe spanning an active area of 141 m 2 . The detector is made of 1593 Multi-gap Resistive Plate Chambers (MRPC), with a sensitive area of 7.4×120 cm 2 each. Each MRPC is segmented into 96 readout pads of area 2.5×3.5 cm 2 . The MRPCs are packed then in five modules for each of the 18 azimuthal sectors of the ALICE spaceframe in a "TOF supermodule", as shown in Fig. 1. This detector has a time resolution of ∼80 ps during the data taking [5]. The T0 detector [6] consists of two arrays of Cherenkov counters T0A and T0C, positioned on both sides of the interaction point (IP) at a distance of 374 cm and -70 cm (as shown in Fig. 2), covering the pseudorapidity region 4.61 ≤ η ≤ 4.92 and -3.28 ≤ η ≤ -2.97, respectively. The small distance from the IP for T0C had to be chosen because of the space constraints imposed by the front cone of the muon absorber and other forward detectors. On the opposite side the distance of the array T0-A is comfortably far from the congested central region. Each array has 12 cylindrical counters equipped with a quartz radiator 20 mm in diameter and 20 mm thick and a photomultiplier tube. The T0 detector provides a measurement of the t ev . It also provides the collision trigger and monitors the luminosity providing fast feedback to the LHC accelerator team. The measured time resolution of the T0 detector is ∼50 ps for single MIP events and reaches ∼25 ps at higher multiplicities.
The TOF and the T0 detectors use different front-end electronics but the same digital electronics. The latter is based on the HPTDC (High Performance Time Digital Converter) [7] developed by the CERN Microelectronic Group for LHC experiments. The time measurement is performed with 25 ps bin width resolution with respect to the trigger time, latched with the 40 MHz LHC clock phase. The measurement corresponds for this application to an ionizing particle hit in the TOF MRPC or a photon hit in the T0 photomultipliers. The HPTDC is free running and hit time measurements are stored in internal buffers within a given latency window, waiting for the trigger arrival.
Relevant for the following discussion is also the V0 detector. It consists of two scintillator arrays built around the beam pipe covering the pseudorapidity ranges 2.8≤ η ≤5.1 (V0A) and -3.7≤ η ≤1.7 (V0C) is used for triggering and event selection. In p-Pb collisions it is also used to define the multiplicity of the collision exploiting the information from the amplitude of the signal measured by the V0A scintillators [8] while in Pb-Pb it is used to define the centrality through the summed amplitudes in the V0 scintillators as described in [9].
The particle identification with the TOF detector is based on the comparison between the time-of-flight of the track from the primary vertex to the TOF detector and the expected time under a given mass hypothesis t exp,i (i = e, µ, π, K, p, d, t, 3 He, 4 He). The former is defined as the difference between the arrival time t TOF measured by the TOF detector itself and the event collision time t ev . The expected time is the time it would take for a particle of mass m i to go from the interaction point to the TOF. To take into account the energy loss and the consequent variation in the track momentum, t exp,i is calculated as the sum of the small time increments ∆t i,k , each of which is the time a particle of mass m i and momentum p k spends to travel along each propagation step k of lenght ∆l k during the track reconstruction procedure: Therefore, the fundamental variable for the TOF PID is t TOF − t ev − t exp,i . Its resolution is As mentioned earlier, the TOF detector resolution (σ t TOF ) is ∼80 ps while the uncertainty (σ t exp,i ) due to the tracking and reconstruction, that includes estimates of the energy losses through the material, depends on the momentum and on the particle species [5]. The uncertainty on the event collision time (σ t ev ) depends on the method used to determine it in the given event.
The simplest PID estimator for a given mass hypothesis m i is then constructed as an nσ quantity in the following way: This paper focuses on a fundamental term for the TOF PID determination: the event collision time t ev . The methods used for its determination are described in detail in the following sections. Their resolutions, efficiencies and impacts on the PID performance are reported for data samples collected in the different collision systems during RUN 1: pp data at a center-of-mass energy of √ s = 7 TeV, p-Pb data at a center-of-mass energy per nucleon pair of √ s NN = 5.02 TeV and Pb-Pb at √ s NN = 2.76 TeV. In Sec. 2 the event and track selection are described, in Sec. 3 the calibration and timing alignment procedure of the TOF with respect to the LHC clock and in Sec. 4 the methods for the determination of the event collision time t ev . Finally, in Sec. 5 results for efficiencies, resolutions and impact on PID separation power are presented and discussed. More informations on the general performances of the ALICE detectors in the first period of data taking at LHC are available in [3] .

Event and track selection
For the study reported in this paper the data were selected using a minimum bias trigger based on the V0 detector. Events are further required to have a primary vertex reconstructed either from the tracks reconstructed both in the ITS and in the TPC or from the tracklets, which are track segments built from pairs of hits in the two innermost layers of the ITS. Only events with a reconstructed primary vertex within 10 cm from the nominal interaction point along the beam directions were used in the analysis. Furthermore, events with multiple reconstructed vertices were rejected, leading to a negligible amount of pile-up events for all the colliding systems [3]. Finally, since the event collision time is a measurement that is needed to identify particles by means of the time-of-flight technique performed by the TOF detector, only events with at least one track associated with a hit in the TOF detector are selected. The number of analyzed events after these cuts is 12 millions for pp at √ s = 7 TeV, 10 millions for p-Pb and 1 million for Pb-Pb that are only a subsample of the available statistics collected by ALICE.
The performance of the event collision time will be reported in terms of the TOF track multiplicity of the event, that is the number of tracks associated with a hit on the TOF detector. This choice is driven by the fact that a hit on the TOF is the minimal request that a track has to satisfy to be identified via the time-of-flight procedure. For Pb-Pb events, the t ev measurement performance is also reported in terms of centrality, determined by the sum of the V0 amplitudes and defined in terms of percentiles of the total hadronic Pb-Pb cross section [9], while for p-Pb in terms of the V0A multiplicity [8].

TOF time alignment and calibration
As described in [5], the TOF signals are first calibrated for the channel-by-channel offsets (which take into account the differences due to the cable length) and the time-slewing effects. Then, to align the time-of-flight with respect to the LHC clock, a global shift with respect to the clock phase, t ev , is calculated by the TOF itself, for each LHC fill, during the calibration procedure as described below and applied as a global offset to all the measured times.
Due to the fact that the phase of the LHC clock during a fill, as distributed to the experiments, is subject to shifts correlated with the environment temperature (the refractive index of the fibers used for the clock  distribution has a dependency on the temperature), t ev is calculated with a five minutes granularity in time. This interval is increased in steps of five minutes if the number of events in the interval is smaller than 1000 or the number of tracks selected for the procedure is smaller than 20000. The timeof-flight measured for the selected tracks is then compared to the t exp,i obtained assuming the pion mass hypothesis. The choice of using the pion mass as reference is justified by the fact that pions are the most abundant species produced in the collisions, and they largely dominate the time spectrum distribution. The difference between the measured time-of-flight and the expected times is fitted with a Gaussian function. Its mean corresponds to the global offset to be applied to all the time-of-flight signals measured in the time interval under study, in order to align the t TOF with respect to the LHC clock. Figure 3 shows an example of such a fit for p-Pb data at √ s NN = 5.02 TeV collected in 2013.

Methods for the event-by-event collision time determination
Since the bunches have a small but finite size and it is not known which of the particles in the bunches have collided, the event collision time has a natural spread with respect to the nominal beam crossing.
Therefore, an event time t ev has to be measured on an event-by-event basis. If the event-by-event procedures described below can not be used, t ev is set to zero. Conventionally, this null value is named t Fill ev . It is assumed null because t ev has been already subtracted as part of the calibration procedure described in Sec. 3. Its resolution is directly connected to the vertex spread along the beam direction estimated by the ITS per run and derived via σ t Fill ev = σ vertex /c. In Figure 4 the σ t Fill ev is reported for all the runs of pp collisions at √ s = 7 TeV collected during the 2010 data taking.
The variation of σ t Fill ev shown in Fig. 4 depends on the beam optic configurations. After the initial LHC operations σ t Fill ev became more or less constant at ∼200 ps. Therefore, if t ev can not be computed on an event-by-event basis, t ev is set to t Fill ev which has a resolution of ∼200 ps. This becomes then the dominant term in the TOF PID resolution (see Eq. 2).
To improve the TOF PID performance on an event-by-event basis reducing the σ t ev in Eq. 2 with respect to the value of σ t Fill ev , the t ev can be computed by the TOF itself (t TOF ev ), by the T0 detector (t T0 ev ) or by a combination of the two (t Best ev ) as shown in the following sections.

Event collision time measurement performed by the TOF detector
The event collision time is estimated by the TOF detector (t TOF ev ) on an event-by-event basis by means of a χ 2 -minimization procedure. Having in the event n tracks matched to a corresponding hit on the TOF detector and satisfying basic quality cuts, it is possible to define certain combinations of masses m i assigning independently for each track the π, K or p mass. The index i indicates one of the possible combination (m 1 , m 2 , ..., m n tracks ) among the 3 n tracks ones.
For each track the following weight is evaluated The event time is then deduced as in Eq. 5 where the track index is omitted for simplicity and the resolution is given by The following χ 2 is then calculated The combination m i that minimizes this χ 2 is used to derive t TOF ev via Eq. 5. This general procedure is refined in two ways. To avoid possible PID biases which are important especially in low multiplicity events, a track can not be used to compute the t TOF ev to perform PID on the track itself. This means that, in principle, each track has to be removed by the sample before calculating the t TOF ev , repeating this procedure for each track. This approach would result in an excessive request of computing resources when the number of tracks is large. Therefore, in order to optimize the procedure, the tracks are divided into ten momentum intervals. The t TOF ev is calculated for each momentum interval using only the tracks belonging to the other nine momentum bins. With this procedure the t TOF ev to be used in Eq. 3 to perform PID on a track is not biassed by the implicit identification of the track performed by the t ev algorithm with the TOF and is evaluated using only the tracks in the momentum bins other than the one the track belongs to. Finally, to avoid an excessive computational load due to the combinatorics, this evaluation is done dividing the sample of tracks in the event in several subsamples and the weighted average of the results is then taken.
It should be noted that σ t TOF ev is dependent on the event track multiplicity because, according to Eq. 6 it scales as ∼ 1/ √ n tracks .

Event collision time measurement performed by the T0 detector
The T0 detector can provide two time measurements, t T0A and t T0C , one for each of its two sub-detectors T0A and T0C, corresponding to the fastest signals among its photomultipliers. When both values are available, the event collision time is defined as t T0AC ev =(t T0A + t T0C )/2, which is independent of the event vertex position. In low multiplicity events, when only one of the two arrays of Cherenkov counters produces a signal, t T0A or t T0C can be used as a measurement of the event collision time once a correction for the z-position of the primary vertex (as measured by the ITS with an accuracy of 50 µm) is taken into account.
The time resolution of the T0 detector [3] is related to the number of photoelectrons emitted from the photocathode of each PMT. This, in turn, is directly proportional to the number of MIPs traversing the quartz radiator. In principle it would be possible to estimate the resolution for each event based on the registered amplitude in each T0 module but the analysis procedures implemented during RUN 1 yielded only the average value per run. As a consequence the time resolution depends on the average multiplicity of the events in the run and hence on the colliding system. At the moment, the small dependence of σ t T0 ev on the track multiplicity is not taken into account since it is only of the order of a maximum of 20%, negligible when compared to the dependence of σ t TOF ev on the TOF track multiplicity as will be shown later, and smaller than the run by run fluctuation. When both t T0A and t T0C measurements are available the resolution can be estimated by the width of the (t T0A − t T0C )/2 distribution after both t T0A and t T0C are corrected for the vertex position. In Pb-Pb and pp collisions the resolutions are σ t T0AC ev ∼25 and σ t T0AC ev ∼50 ps respectively. The difference is due to the different average multiplicity of the events in the two colliding systems and the resulting different signal amplitudes. When only t T0A or t T0C are available, the resolutions are σ t T0A ev ∼50 ps and σ t T0C ev ∼30 ps in Pb-Pb collisions and σ t T0A ev ∼100 ps and σ t T0C ev ∼60 ps in pp collisions. The difference is due to the different distance of T0A and T0C from the interaction point.
To reach this time resolution, an accurate calibration procedure for T0 is needed. Before every data taking period, gain and slewing corrections are determined using a set of laser runs, where the laser intensity is varied. The mean time value for each photomultiplier, after slewing correction, is optimized for the minimum bias trigger for each run.

Combination of the TOF and T0 measurements
For each event, t ev is obtained combining in a single estimation (t Best ev ) the results from the different methods available.
If the t ev measurement can be provided by only TOF or T0 detector, t Best ev will correspond respectively to t TOF ev or t T0 ev . If both of them are available than t Best ev is estimated by their weighted mean where the weights are the inverse of the square of the resolutions. If both methods are not available, t Best ev fails and t ev is defined by the t Fill ev . In the last case, the resolution is ∼200 ps. The relative occurrence and resolutions of these three cases depend on the multiplicity of the event and therefore, indirectly, on the collision type, as will be shown in Sec. 5.

Results
Results related to the efficiency of the methods used to define the event collision time as a function of the TOF track multiplicity, their resolution and their impact on the PID performance are reported in this section. For p-Pb and Pb-Pb collision systems the analysis is provided also as a function of the multiplicity or centrality of the collision.

5.1
Efficiency of the determination of t TOF ev , t T0 ev and t Best ev In Figure 5 the efficiency of the determination of t TOF ev , t T0 ev and t Best ev is reported as a function of the TOF track multiplicity in pp collisions at √ s = 7 TeV.
The efficiency is defined as the fraction of events for which the t TOF ev , t T0 ev or t Best ev has been measured compared to the ones selected as explained in Sec. 1. Since t TOF ev and thus t Best ev are defined in ten momentum bins (see Sec. 4.1) they are considered efficient if the measurement is available in at least one momentum bin.
The TOF track multiplicity of the event is the number of tracks matched with a hit on the TOF detector that is the number of tracks with an associated time-of-flight measurement. This is the minimal request for a track to be identified by the time-of-flight method. It is important to notice that the TOF track multiplicity does not represent the number of tracks that are used by the TOF algorithm to compute the t TOF ev , that is actually slightly lower since in the algorithm a further basic selection on the quality of the track is applied to guarantee a good quality of the t TOF ev . What is reported in Fig. 5 is, therefore, not the algorithmic efficiency.
From Sec. 4.1 it is evident that the minimum number of tracks to compute t TOF ev is two. Therefore the t TOF ev efficiency in the first bin is not shown in Fig. 5. In pp collisions, for very low multiplicity events, the T0 detector can provide a t ev measurement with an efficiency of the order of ∼70% that increases with the track multiplicity. At the same time, for all events having high multiplicity, the t TOF ev method is able to provide a t ev measurement. The curve corresponding to t Best ev shows how the two techniques can be combined to minimize the number of events, in particular at low multiplicity, where an event-by-event t ev measurement cannot be provided and only t Fill ev is available. In pp collisions at √ s = 7 TeV, when more than three tracks reach the TOF the  event time efficiency is greater than 80%.
In Figure 6 the efficiency of the t T0 ev , t TOF ev and t Best ev is reported as a function of the V0A multiplicity class in p-Pb and centrality in Pb-Pb collisions, respectively.
In p-Pb collisions, from 0 to 40% V0A multiplicity class, both the T0 and the TOF are fully efficient in determining the collision time. For more peripheral events the T0 detector has the highest efficiency in providing a t ev measurement. For Pb-Pb collisions only for the most peripheral events (centrality > 80%) the T0 has an efficiency higher than the TOF. In Pb-Pb collisions the t Best ev is 100% efficient except for the very peripheral events. As a consequence, the t Fill ev is basically never used. It is worth to notice that the efficiency curves would have similar trend than the ones in Fig. 5 once plotted as a function of the TOF track multiplicity instead of the V0A multiplicity class or centrality since the efficiency mainly depends on the track multiplicity.
The overall efficiency defined as the fraction (in percentage) of events with at least one track associated to a hit in the TOF detector for which the t T0 ev , t TOF ev and t Best ev can be provided, is reported in Table 1 and  provided in at least one momentum bin. It can be seen that in pp at √ s = 7 TeV t TOF ev is measured only in less than 53% of events. This percentage increases reaching 99.6% in Pb-Pb collisions. The second column shows the fraction of events (in %) for which the t T0 ev can be provided. In this case, if both T0A and T0C provide a signal, the t T0AC ev is used otherwise the individual t T0A ev or t T0C ev are used. From pp at √ s = 7 TeV to Pb-Pb at √ s NN = 2.76 TeV the efficiency of the t T0 ev increases from 85% to 99.7% with an increase of the efficiency of the t T0AC ev as expected. The fraction of events for which only the T0A or T0C is used decreases.
In Table 2 the efficiency (in %) of the t Best ev also for each exclusive subcases is reported. The outcomes of the possible combinations resulting in a t Best ev measurement are detailed in the seven subcolumns. In Pb-Pb collisions, for most of the events both t TOF ev and t T0 ev are available.

5.2
Resolution of the t TOF ev and t Best ev as a function of the TOF track multiplicity In Figure 7 ( of tracks used by the algorithm that is related in turn to the TOF track multiplicity.
The resolution improves from ∼80 ps in low multiplicity events, to 20 ps for high multiplicity events. As a consequence, σ t TOF ev is a significant contribution of the TOF PID resolution σ PID reported in Eq. 2 only for low multiplicity events, when it is of the same order of the TOF resolution σ t T OF . It becomes negligible at higher track multiplicities. While the resolution as a function of multiplicity is the same for the different colliding systems, it is important to remind here that what is different is the overall fraction of events for which the t TOF ev can be provided as can be seen in Table 1. It depends on the mean multiplicity of the events that increases from pp to p-Pb and to Pb-Pb collisions.
In Figure 7 (  per event. The exclusive probability of the seven possible subcases of t Best ev plays a role here in particular to explain the pattern observed at low multiplicity in Fig. 7 for the Pb-Pb case.
In It is evident that, for less than 3 tracks matched to the TOF, for most of the events the t Best ev is provided by the T0 while, increasing the multiplicity, the combination of the T0 and TOF measurements becomes the dominant term. The interplay of all these factors define the shape of the σ t Best ev reported in the bottom plot of Fig. 7.

Effect of the t ev resolution on the PID performance
In this section, the impact on the PID performance due to the different methods used for the event collision time determination is assessed. This is studied via the K-π and p-K separation power: nσ i, j (t k ev ) = (t exp,i − t exp,j )/σ PID,j (t k ev ) where i, j = π, K, p and σ 2 PID,j (t k ev ) = σ 2 TOF + σ 2 t ev + σ 2 t exp,j with k= TOF, T0, Best and Fill.
In Figure 9, nσ K,π (t k ev ) and nσ p,K (t k ev ) are shown as a function of the transverse momentum of the track. The separation power does not significantly change when changing the t ev estimator (t TOF ev , t T0 ev or t Best ev ). On the other hand, it gets worse if the t Fill ev is used since its resolution is much worse than the one of all the others. If a three sigma separation is requested, the π-K separation is achievable only up to 1.3 GeV/c instead of up to 2 GeV/c if the t Fill ev is used and the K-p separation can be defined only up to 2.2 GeV/c instead of up to 3.5 GeV/c.

Conclusions
The determination of the event collision time in ALICE is needed to perform particle identification in the intermediate region of momentum (0.5-4.0 GeV/c) with the time-of-flight method. It can be provided on an event-by-event basis by the T0 detector (t T0 ev ) or the TOF detector itself (t TOF ev ). When both the measurements are available a weighted mean can be defined (t Best ev ). In case none of the previous methods can be used, mainly for low multiplicity events, only an average collision time (t Fill ev ) can be considered, with a resolution of ∼200 ps, which worsens the TOF PID performance. In this paper the methods for the event collision time determination in ALICE have been reviewed, together with their performance during LHC RUN 1 data in terms of efficiency, resolution and impact on the TOF PID.
It has been shown how, for very low multiplicity events, the T0 detector plays a crucial role since it has a higher efficiency in providing t ev when compared to the TOF detector. For example, when five tracks reach the TOF, the t T0 ev efficiency is ∼85% compared to the 60% of the TOF detector. The t TOF ev efficiency increases with the rise of the track multiplicity reaching ∼100% when 15 tracks reach the TOF.
In the analysed data set and given the current level of calibration of detectors, for high multiplicity events the resolution of the event collision time becomes a negligible term in the time-of-flight resolution. This is achieved combining the t TOF ev and t T0 ev measurements. In pp collisions at √ s = 7 TeV only for the 52.5% of events with at least one track associated to a hit on the TOF detector the t TOF ev can be provided. In p-Pb collisions this fraction increases to 81.8% reaching 99.6% in Pb-Pb collisions.
To increase the PID performance it is important to use the t Best ev which combines the high t T0 ev efficiency at low multiplicity events with the better t TOF ev resolution at high multiplicity events. Finally, the impact of the method used for the event collision time determination on the TOF PID performance has been discussed, showing how it gets better when t ev is computed event-by-event improving for example a three sigma π-K separation from 1.3 GeV/c to 2 GeV/c with respect to when the t Fill ev has to be used.