CERN Accelerating science

Sky map of primordial temperature fluctuations in Galactic coordinates (left panel) and temperature power spectrum (right panel) as measured by Planck space observatory~\cite{Ade:2015xua}.

Sky map of primordial temperature fluctuations in Galactic coordinates (left panel) and temperature power spectrum (right panel) as measured by Planck space observatory~\cite{Ade:2015xua}.

{\it Left panel:} Rotational curve of the galaxy NGC6503. I superimposed the optical image of corresponding galaxy with the rotational curve, approximately to scale in radius. {\it Right panel:} Scaled cluster density profiles extracted from X-ray observations of different clusters, from Ref.~\cite{Vikhlinin:2005mp}.

Left panel: Constraints on neutralino from different underground experiments are shown by correspondingly marked colored lines. Similarly, claimed hints of detection are represented by shaded areas. Remaining expectation for supersymmetric models are shown by shaded area in the lower right corner, marked as MSSM. Right panel: Constraints on neutralino self-annihilation cross-section from CMBR. The blue area shows the parameter space excluded by the Planck data. The yellow line indicates the constraint using WMAP9 data. The dark grey circles and light grey stars correspond to various claims of indirect detection as cosmic or $\gamma$-ray excesses. The horizontal red band corresponds to correct neutrino abundance, Eq.~(\ref{eq:Om_DM_f}). From Ref.~\cite{Ade:2015xua}.

Left panel: Combination of SN Ia (blue contours) and Planck data (green contours) tell us that the equation of state of the dark energy is consistent with that of a vacuum, $w = -1$, from Ref~\cite{Betoule:2014frx}. Rigt panel: Constraints on neutrino mass from combined Planck and BAO data, from Ref~\cite{Pellejero-Ibanez:2016ypj}.

Left panel. Number of relativistic degrees of freedom, $g_*$, as a function of temperature. Solid line - the Standard Model case, dashed line - hypothetical behaviour in the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM). Important events in the Universe evolutions are also indicated. Right panel. Increase of photon temperature over neutrino temperature during $e^+e^-$ annihilation.

Constraints on inflationary models in the $(n_s,r)$ plane, from Ref.~\cite{Ade:2015lrj}. Coloured line segments with circles at ends correspond to predictions of different inflationary models with different inflation potentials. Within each segment $N_*$ varies in the interval $50 \leq N_* \leq 60$, see Eq. (\ref{e-folds}).

{\it Left panel:} Rotational curve of the galaxy NGC6503. I superimposed the optical image of corresponding galaxy with the rotational curve, approximately to scale in radius. {\it Right panel:} Scaled cluster density profiles extracted from X-ray observations of different clusters, from Ref.~\cite{Vikhlinin:2005mp}.

A schematic view of comoving number density of a stable species as they evolve through the process of thermal freeze-out.

Left panel: Constraints on neutralino from different underground experiments are shown by correspondingly marked colored lines. Similarly, claimed hints of detection are represented by shaded areas. Remaining expectation for supersymmetric models are shown by shaded area in the lower right corner, marked as MSSM. Right panel: Constraints on neutralino self-annihilation cross-section from CMBR. The blue area shows the parameter space excluded by the Planck data. The yellow line indicates the constraint using WMAP9 data. The dark grey circles and light grey stars correspond to various claims of indirect detection as cosmic or $\gamma$-ray excesses. The horizontal red band corresponds to correct neutrino abundance, Eq.~(\ref{eq:Om_DM_f}). From Ref.~\cite{Ade:2015xua}.

Left panel: Parameter space for the axion and axion-like dark matter models. Yellow band corresponds to the correct cosmological abundance of QCD axions if they make all of dark matter. Regions excluded by ADMX and CAST are shown by green and blue shaded areas. Dashed lines show prospective limits of planned experiments. From Ref.~\cite{Graham:2015ouw}. Right panel: Unshaded white region represents allowed parameter space for DM sterile neutrinos. The upper and lower thick black lines correspond to correct abundances for zero and maximal lepton asymmetry. Red region in the upper right corner is forbidden by the X-ray constraints. The region below 1 keV is ruled out by the phase-space density arguments. Adapted from Ref.~\cite{Boyarsky:2009ix}.

Left panel. Number of relativistic degrees of freedom, $g_*$, as a function of temperature. Solid line - the Standard Model case, dashed line - hypothetical behaviour in the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM). Important events in the Universe evolutions are also indicated. Right panel. Increase of photon temperature over neutrino temperature during $e^+e^-$ annihilation.

Evidence for the dark energy from Supernova data, left panel, and from the Universe age, right panel.

{\it Left panel:} Image of the cluster Abell 2218 taken with the Hubble space telescope (see Ref.~\cite{Kneib:1995hh}). Spectacular arcs resulting from strong lensing of background galaxies by dark matter in the cluster are clearly seen. {\it Right panel:} Deep Chandra image of the Bullet cluster. The X-ray brightness of the gas component is coded in yellow, red and blue colours. Distribution of the gravitating mass, obtained from weak lensing reconstruction, is shown by green contours, from~Ref.~\cite{Clowe:2006eq}.

{\it Left panel:} Image of the cluster Abell 2218 taken with the Hubble space telescope (see Ref.~\cite{Kneib:1995hh}). Spectacular arcs resulting from strong lensing of background galaxies by dark matter in the cluster are clearly seen. {\it Right panel:} Deep Chandra image of the Bullet cluster. The X-ray brightness of the gas component is coded in yellow, red and blue colours. Distribution of the gravitating mass, obtained from weak lensing reconstruction, is shown by green contours, from~Ref.~\cite{Clowe:2006eq}.

Evidence for the dark energy from Supernova data, left panel, and from the Universe age, right panel.

Left panel: Parameter space for the axion and axion-like dark matter models. Yellow band corresponds to the correct cosmological abundance of QCD axions if they make all of dark matter. Regions excluded by ADMX and CAST are shown by green and blue shaded areas. Dashed lines show prospective limits of planned experiments. From Ref.~\cite{Graham:2015ouw}. Right panel: Unshaded white region represents allowed parameter space for DM sterile neutrinos. The upper and lower thick black lines correspond to correct abundances for zero and maximal lepton asymmetry. Red region in the upper right corner is forbidden by the X-ray constraints. The region below 1 keV is ruled out by the phase-space density arguments. Adapted from Ref.~\cite{Boyarsky:2009ix}.

Left panel: Combination of SN Ia (blue contours) and Planck data (green contours) tell us that the equation of state of the dark energy is consistent with that of a vacuum, $w = -1$, from Ref~\cite{Betoule:2014frx}. Rigt panel: Constraints on neutrino mass from combined Planck and BAO data, from Ref~\cite{Pellejero-Ibanez:2016ypj}.