Irradiation and SPS Beam Tests of the Alice1LHCb Pixel Chip Van Hunen J J CERN Anelli G CERN Antinori Federico Padua U. Burns M CERN Banicz K CERN Campbell M CERN Caselle M Bari U. Caliandro R Bari U. Chochula P CERN Dinapoli R CERN Easo S CERN Elia D Bari U. Formenti F CERN Girone M CERN Gys Thierry CERN Jusko A Kosice, IEF Kluge A CERN Krivda M Kosice, IEF Lenti V Bari U. Lupták M Kosice, IEF Manzari V Bari U. Meddi F Rome U. Morel M CERN Riedler P CERN Riggi F Catania U. Snoeys W CERN Stefanini G CERN Wyllie Ken H CERN 2001 The Alice1LHCb front-end chip has been designed for the ALICE pixel and the LHCb RICH detectors. It is fabricated in a commercial 0.25 µm CMOS technology, with special design techniques to obtain radiation tolerance. The chip has been irradiated with low energy protons and heavy ions, to determine the cross-section for Single Event Upsets (SEU), and with X-rays to evaluate the sensitivity to total ionising dose. We report the results of those measurements. We also report preliminary results of measurements done with 150 GeV pions at the CERN SPS. research-article

LHCb outer tracker Barbosa-Marinho P R Bediaga I Barbosa-Ademarlaudo F Magnin J Marques de Miranda J Massafferri A Reis A Silva R Brasilian Center for Research in Physics, CBPF, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil Amato S Colrain P Da Silva T De Mello-Neto J R T De Paula L S Gandelman M Lopes J H Maréchal B Moraes D Polycarpo E Vinci do Santos S University of Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil Ajaltouni Ziad J Böhner G Breton V Cornat R Deschamps O Falvard A Henrard P Lecoq J Perret P Rimbault C Trouilleau C Ziad A University of Clermont II, Clermont-Ferrand, France Aslanides E Cachemiche J P Le Gac R Leroy O Liotard P L Menouni M Potheau R Tsaregorodtsev A Yu Tsaregorodtsev A Yu CPPM, Marseille Barrand G Beigbeder-Beau C Breton D Cacéres T Callot O Cros P D'Almagne B Delcourt B Fulda-Quenzer F Jacholkowska A Jean-Marie B Lefrançois J Machefert F P Tocut V Truong K D Videau I University of Paris-Sud, LAL Orsay, Orsay, France Schwierz R Spaan B Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany Bauer C Baumeister D Bulian N Fuchs H Glebe T Hofmann W Knöpfle K T Löchner S Schmelling M Schwingenheuer B Sciacca F Sexauer E Trunk U Max-Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg Germany Bachmann S Bock P Deppe H Eisele Franz Feuerstack-Raible M Henneberger S Igo-Kemenes P Rusnyak R Stange U Walter M Wiedner D Uwer U Physics Institute, University of Heidelberg, Germany Lindenstruth V Richter R Schulz M W Walsch A Kirchhoff Institute of Phsyics, University of Heidelberg, Germany Bencivenni G Bloise C Bossi F Campana P Capon G De Simone P Forti C Franceschi M A Murtas F Passalacqua L Patera V Sciubba A Laboratori Nazionali dell' INFN, Frascati, Italy Bargiotti M Bertin A Bruschi M Capponi M D'Antone I De Castro S Faccioli P Fabbri Franco Luigi Galli D Giacobbe B Marconi U Massa I Piccinini M Poli M Semprini-Cesari N Spighi R Vagnoni V M Vecchi S Villa M Vitale A Zoccoli A University of Bologna and INFN, Bologna, Italy Cardini A Caria M Lai A Pinci D Saitta B University of Cagliari and INFN, Cagliari, Italy Baldini W Carassiti V Cotta-Ramusino A Dalpiaz P Gianoli A MArtini M Petrucci F Savrié M University of Ferrara and INFN, Ferrara, Italy Bizzeti A Calvetti M Collazuol G Iacopini E Lenti M Martelli F Passaleva G Veltri M University of Florence and INFN, Florence, Italy Cueno S Fontanelli F Gracco V Musico P Petrolini A Sannino M University of Genoa and INFN, Genoa, Italy Alemi M Bellunato T F Calvi M Metteuzzi C Musy M Negri P Paganoni M Piazzoni C University of Milano-Bicocca and INFN, Milano, Italy Auriemma G Bocci V Bosio V Fidanza D Frenkel A Harrison K Martellotti G Martínez S Penso G Santacesaria R Satriano C Satta A University of Rome, "La Sapienza" and INFN, Rome, Italy Carboni G Dominici Daniele Ganis G Messi R Pacciani L Paoluzi L Santovetti E University of Rome, "Tor Vergada" and INFN, Rome, Italy van Apeldoorn G Arink R Van Bakel N Bauer T S Berkien A Van Beuzekom M G Van den Born E A Van den Brand J F J Bulten H J Cârloganu C Ceelie L Doets M Van der Eijk R Gouz I Gromov V Hierck R Hommels l Jans E Ketel T Klous S Köne B Kruiper H Merk M Mul F Needham M Van Petten O Schuijlenburg H Sluijk T Stolte J Van Tilburg J De Vries H Wiggers L Van Wijk R F Zupan M Zwart A NIKHEF, The Netherlands Gao C S Jiang C Sun H Zhu Z Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing, P.R.C. Bisset M Cheng J P Cui Y G Gao Y He H J Li Y J Li Q Liao Y Ni J P Su J J Tian Y R Wang Q Yan Q S Research Centre of High Energy Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R.C. Banas E Blocki J Galuszka K Hajduk L Jalocha P Kapusta P Kisielewski B Kucewicz W Lesiak T Michalowski J Muryn B Natkaniec Z Ostrowicz W Polok G Rulikowska-Zarebska E Stodulski M Witek M Zychowski P Institute of Nuclear Physics and University of Mining and Metalurgy, Krakow, Poland Adamus M Chlopik A Guzik Z Nawrot A Szekowski M Soltan Institute of Nuclear Physics, Warsaw, Poland Anghel D V Coca C Cimpean A Giolu G Magureanu C Popescu S Preda T Rosca A M Rusu V L Horia Hulubei-National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering (IFIN-HH), Bucharest, Romania Bolotov V N Filippov S N Gavrilov J Guschin E Kloubov V Kravchuk L V Laptek S Laptev V D Postoev V E Sadovskii A Semeniouk I N Institute for Nuclear Research (INR), Moscow, Russia Barsuk S Belyaev I Golutvin A Gouchtchine O Kiritchenko V Kostina G Soldatov A Tarkovski E Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics (ITEP), Moscow, Russia Beloborodov K I Bondar A E Bozhenok A Buzulutskov A F Eidelman S Golubev V B Oreshkin S B Poluektov A Serednyakov S I Shekhtman L I Shwartz B A Silagadze Z K Sokolov A Vasilev A Budker Institute for Nuclear Physics (INP, Novosibirsk, Russia Afanasieva L A Ajinenko I Belous K S Brekhovskikh V Denissov S Dorokhov A V Dzhelyadin R I Kobelev A Konoplyannikov A K Likhoded A K Matveev V D Novikov V Obraztsov V F Ostankov A P Rykalin V I Semenov V K Shapkin M M Smirnov N Soldatov M M Talanov V V Yushchenko O P Institute for High Energy Physics (IHEP-Serpukov), Protvino, Russia Botchine B Guetz S Lazarev V A Saguidova N Spiridenkov E M Vorobyov A Vorobyov A A Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina, St.Pertersburg, Russia Aguiló E Ballabriga-Sune Rafael Ferragut S Garrido L Gascón D Graciani-Díaz R Luengo S Miquel R Peralta D Roselló M Vilasís X University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Adeva B Conde P Gómez F Hernando J A Iglesias A López-Aguera A Pazos A Pló M Rodríguez J M Saborido J J Tobar M J University of Santiago de Compostella, Santiago de Compostella, Spain Bartalini P Bay A Carron B Currat C Dormond O Dürrenmatt F Ermoline Y Frei R Gagliardi G Haefeli G Hertig J P Koppenburg P Nakada Tatsuya Perroud Jean-Pierre Ronga F Schneider O Studer L Tareb M Tran M T University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland Bernet R Holzschuh E Sievers P Steinkamp O Straumann U Wyler D Ziegler M University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland Dovbnya A Maznichenko S Omelaenko O Ranyuk Yu Shulayev V Institute of Physics and Technologies, Kharkiv, Ukraine Aushev V M Kiva V Kolomiets I Pavlenko Ya V Pugatch V Vasilev Yu Zerkin V A Institute for Nuclear Research, Kiev, Ukraine Brook N H Cole J E Head R D Phillips A Wilson F F University of Bristol, Bristol, UK George K Gibson V Jones C R Katvars S G Shepherd-Themistocleous C H Ward C P Wotton S A University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Brew C A J Densham C J Easo S Franek B J Guy J G V Halsall R Lidbury J A Morris J V Papanestis A Patrick G N Soler F J P Temple S A Woodward M L Rutherford Eisenhardt S Khan A Muheim F Playfer S Walker A University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK Flavell A J Halley A O'Shea V Soler F J P University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK Biagi S F Bowcock T J V Gamet R McCubbin M L Parkes C Patel G Wright V University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK Barber G J Clark D Dauncey P Duane A Girone M Hassard J Hill R John M J J Jolly S Price D R Savage P Simmons B Toudup L W Websdale David M Imperial College, London, UK Adinolfi M Damerell G Bibby J Charles M J Harnew N Harris F McArthur I C Rademacker J Smale N J Topp-Jørgensen S Wilkinson G University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Anelli G Anghinolfi Francis Bal F Benayoun M Beneyton R Bonivento W Braem André Buytaert J Campbell M Cass A J Cattaneo M Charpentier P Chesi Enrico Guido Christiansen J Chytracek R Closier J Collins P Corti G D'Ambrosio C Dijkstra H Dufey J P Ferro-Luzzi M Fiedler F Flegel Wilfried Formenti F Forty Roger W Frank M Frei C García-Alfonso I Gaspar C Gavillet P Gracía-Abríl G Guirao-Elias A Gys Thierry Hahn F Haider S Harvey J Hay B Van Herwijnen Eric Hilke Hans Jürgen Von Holtey G Hutchroft D Jacobsson R Jarron Pierre Joram Christian Jost B Lacarrère D Laub M Letheren M F Lippmann C Lindner R Losasso M Mato-Vila P Müller H Neufeld N Ocariz J Osterbeg K Padilla C Parzefall U Ponce S Ranjard F Riegler W Röhner F Roiser S Ruf T Schmeling S Schmidt B Schneider T Schopper A Snoeys W Souvorov V Tejessy W Teubert F Toledo-Alarcón J Ullaland O Valassi Andrea Vázquez-Regueiro P Wertelaers Piet Wright A Wyllie K CERN 2001 BOOK

Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., A Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., A 0167-5087 Pixel readout electronics development for the ALICE pixel vertex and LHCb RICH detector Snoeys W Campbell M Cantatore E Cencelli V Dinapoli R Heijne Erik H M Jarron Pierre Lamanna P Minervini D O'Shea V Quiquempoix V San Segundo-Bello D Van Koningsveld B Wyllie Ken H 2001 465 176 189 The ALICE1LHCB pixel readout chip emerged from previous experience at CERN. The RD-19 collaboration provided the basis for the installation of a pixel system in the WA97 and NA57 experiments. Operation in these experiments was key in the understanding of the system issues. In parallel the RD-49 collaboration provided the basis to obtain radiation tolerance in commercial submicron CMOS through special circuit layout. The new ALICE1LMB chip was developed to serve two different applications: particle tracking in the ALICE Silicon Pixel Detector and particle identification in the LHCb Ring Imaging Cherenkov detector. To satisfy the different needs for these two experiments, the chip can be operated in two different modes. In tracking mode all the 50 mu m*435 mu m pixel cells in the 256*32 array are read out individually, whilst in particle identification mode they are combined in groups of 8 to form a 32*32 array of 400 mu m*425 mu m cells. The circuit is currently being manufactured in a commercial 0.25 mu m CMOS technology. (43 refs). research-article

Silicon pixel devices as a slow neutron precise position detector Campbell M Heijne Erik H M Kubasta J Middelkamp P Pospísil S Sícho P Snoeys W Vrba V 1997 research-article

Performance of $0.5 x 10^{6}$ sensitive elements pixel telescope in the WA97 heavy-ion experiment at CERN Di Bari D Antinori Federico Barberis D Becks K H Beker H Beusch Werner Burger P Campbell M Cantatore E Catanesi M G Chesi Enrico Guido Darbo G D'Auria S D Da Vià C Di Liberto S Elia D Gys Thierry Heijne Erik H M Helstrup H Jacholkowski A Jaeger J J Jakubek J Jarron Pierre Klempt W Krummenacher F Knudson K P Králik I Kubasta J Lassalle J C Leitner R Lemeilleur F Lenti V Letheren M F López L Loukas D Lupták M Manzari V Martinengo P Meddeler G Meddi F Morando M Munns A Pellegrini F Pengg F X Pospísil S Quercigh Emanuele CERN Rídky J Rossi L Safarík K Saladino S Scharfetter L H H Segato G F Simone S Smith K Snoeys W Tomasicchio G Vrba V 1997 research-article

The influence of a magnetic field on the performance of a binary pixel detector system Scharfetter L H H Campbell M Cantatore E Heijne Erik H M Howard A Middelkamp P Snoeys W 1997 research-article

Use of silicon and GaAs pixel detectors for digital autoradiography Amendolia S R Beccherle R Bertolucci Ennio Bisogni M G Bottigli U Campbell M Chesi Enrico Guido Ciocci M A Conti M Da Vià C Del Guerra A D'Auria S D Fantacci M E Gambaccini M Grossi G Heijne Erik H M Mancini E Marchesini R Middelkamp P O'Shea V Randaccio P Romeo N Rosso V Russo P Scharfetter L H H Smith K Snoeys W Stefanini A 1996 research-article

A pixel readout chip with an internal tunable delay and binary output for an LHC vertex detector Snoeys W Antinori Federico Barberis D Becks K H Beker H Beusch Werner Burger P Campbell M Cantatore E Catanesi M G Chesi Enrico Guido Darbo G D'Auria S D Da Vià C Di Bari D Di Liberto S Elia D Gys Thierry Heijne Erik H M Helstrup H Jacholkowski A Jaeger J J Jakubek J Jarron Pierre Klempt W Krummenacher F Knudson K P Králik I Kubasta J Lasalle J C Leitner R Lemeilleur F Lenti V Letheren M F López L Loukas D Lupták M Martinengo P Meddeler G Meddi F Menetrey A Middelkamp P Morando M Munns A Musico P Pellegrini F Pengg F X Pospísil S Quercigh Emanuele CERN Rídky J Rossi L Safarík K Scharfetter L H H Segato G F Simone S Smith K Sobczynski C W Stastny J Vrba V 1995 research-article

LHC1 Heijne Erik H M Antinori Federico Barberis D Becks K H Beker H Beusch Werner Burger P Campbell M Cantatore E Catanesi M G Chesi Enrico Guido Darbo G D'Auria S D Da Vià C Di Bari D Di Liberto S Gys Thierry Humpston G Jacholkowski A Jaeger J J Jakubek J Jarron Pierre Klempt W Krummenacher F Knudson K P Kubasta J Lassalle J C Leitner R Lemeilleur F Lenti V Letheren M F Lisowski B López L Loukas D Lupták M Martinengo P Meddeler G Meddi F Middelkamp P Morando M Morettini P Munns A Musico P Pellegrini F Pengg F X Pospísil S Quercigh Emanuele CERN Rídky J Rossi L Safarík K Scharfetter L H H Segato G F Simone S Smith K Snoeys W Sobczynski C W Stastny J Vrba V 1996 research-article

Construction and characterization of a 117 cm$^{2}$ silicon pixel detector Heijne Erik H M Antinori Federico Barberis D Beker H Beusch Werner Burger P Campbell M Cantatore E Catanesi M G Chesi Enrico Guido Darbo G D'Auria S D Da Vià C Di Bari D Di Liberto S Elia D Gys Thierry Helstrup H Heuser J M Jacholkowski A Jarron Pierre Klempt W Králik I Krummenacher F Lasalle J C Leitner R Lemeilleur F Lenti V Lokajícek M López L Lupták M Maggi G Martinengo P Meddi F Menetrey A Middelkamp P Morando M Munns A Musico P Pellegrini F Pospísil S Quercigh Emanuele CERN Rídky J Rossi L Safarík K Saladino S Segato G F Simone S Snoeys W Stefanini G Vrba V 1995 research-article

Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., A Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., A 0167-5087 Pixel readout chips in deep submicron CMOS for ALICE and LHCb tolerant to 10 mrad and beyond Snoeys W Burns M Campbell M Cantatore E Cencelli V Dinapoli R Heijne Erik H M Jarron Pierre Lamanna P Minervini D Morel M O'Shea V Quiquempoix V San Segundo-Bello D Van Koningsveld B Wyllie Ken H 2001 466 366 75 The ALICE1LHCB chip is a mixed-mode integrated circuit designed to read out silicon pixel detectors for two different applications: particle tracking in the ALICE Silicon Pixel Detector and particle identification in the LHCb Ring Imaging Cherenkov detector. To satisfy the different needs for these two experiments, the chip can be operated in two different modes. In tracking mode all the 50 mu m *425 mu m pixel cells in the 256*32 array are read out individually, whilst in particle identification mode they are combined in groups of 8 to form a 32*32 array of 300 mu m x 425 mu m cells. Radiation tolerance was enhanced through special circuit layout. Sensitivity to coupling of digital signals into the analog front end was minimized. System issues such as testability and uniformity further constrained the design. The circuit is currently being manufactured in a commercial 0.25 mu m CMOS technology. (28 refs). research-article

An analog front-end in standard $0.25\mu m$ CMOS for silicon pixel detectors in ALICE and LHCb Dinapoli R Campbell M Cantatore E Cencelli V Heijne Erik H M Jarron Pierre Lamanna P Shea V O Quiquempoix V San Segundo-Bello D Snoeys W Van Koningsveld B Wyllie Ken H 2000 research-article

The ALICE silicon pixel detector readout system Burns M Antinori Federico Bán J Campbell M Chochula P Formenti F Grassi T Kluge A Lisco P Meddi F Morel M Snoeys W Stefanini G Wyllie Ken H 2000 research-article

Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., A Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., A 0167-5087 The LHC1 pixel detector studied in a 120 GeV/c pion test beam Ropotar I Cantatore E Antinori Federico Becks K H Beker H Buis E J Burger P Campbell M Casagrande L Catanesi M G Chesi Enrico Guido D'Auria S D Da Vià C Di Bari D Di Liberto S Gys Thierry Heijne Erik H M Humpston G Jacholkowski A Jaeger J J Klempt W Kubasta J Leitner R Lenti V Lupták M Martinengo P Mazzoni M A Meddeler G Meddi F Middelkamp P Mikulec B Morando M Pellegrini F Pospísil S Quercigh Emanuele CERN Rídky J Safarík K Saladino S Scharfetter L H H Segato G F Simone S Smith K Snoeys W Sobczynski C W Tomasicchio G Vrba V 2000 439 536 46 research-article

IEEE J. Solid State Circuits IEEE J. Solid State Circuits 0018-9200 Integrated circuits for particle physics experiments Snoeys W Anelli G Campbell M Cantatore E Faccio F Heijne Erik H M Jarron Pierre Kloukinas Kostas C Marchioro A Moreira P Toifl Thomas H Wyllie Ken H 2000 35 2018 30 (digest) High energy particle physics experiments investigate the nature of matter through the identification of subatomic particles produced in collisions of protons, electrons, or heavy ions which have been accelerated to very high energies. Future experiments will have hundreds of millions of detector channels to observe the interaction region where collisions take place at a 40 MHz rate. This paper gives an overview of the electronics requirements for such experiments and explains how data reduction, timing distribution, and radiation tolerance in commercial CMOS circuits are achieved for these big systems. As a detailed example, the electronics for the innermost layers of the future tracking detector, the pixel vertex detector, is discussed with special attention to system aspects. A small-scale prototype (130 channels) implemented in standard 0.25 mu m CMOS remains fully functional after a 30 Mrad(SiO/sub 2/) irradiation. A full-scale pixel readout chip containing 8000 readout channels in a 14 by 16 mm/sup 2/ area has been designed. (24 refs). The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) under construction at CERN (Geneva, Switzerland) will be operational in the year 2005. The LHC will host four detectors, ATLAS, ALICE, CMS and LHCb. They each will have tens of millions of sensor channels and will be the "electronic eyes" looking at the intersection regions where collisions of protons of 7 TeV energy will take place at a frequency of 40 MHz, each producing a spray of several thousand particles. As the newly created particles fly away from the collision point, they traverse several detector layers: the tracker, the calorimeter and finally the muon detector. The authors discuss the electronics required for such detectors in high-energy physics experiments. They conclude that modern commercial deep submicron CMOS technology offers the required density and performance for the electronics, and provides through special layout techniques the radiation tolerance essential for the experiments at LHC. (5 refs). research-article

Nucl. Phys. A Nucl. Phys. A Silicon pixel detectors for tracking in NA57 Antinori Federico Badalà A Barbera R Beker H Bloodworth Ian J Botje M Caliandro R Campbell M Cantatore E Carena W Carrer N De Haas A P Di Bari D Di Liberto S Divià R Elia D Evans D Fanebust K Fedorisin J Feofilov G A Fini R A Ftácnik J Ghidini B Grella G Gulino M Helstrup H Holme A K Jacholkowski A Jones G T Jovanovic P Jusko A Kamermans R Kinson J B Klempt W Knudson K P Koeper B Kolojvari A A Králik I Kuijer P G Lenti V Lietava R Løvhøiden G Lupták M Manzari V Mazzoni M A Martinská G Meddi F Michalon A Michalon-Mentzer M E Morando M Nappi E Navach F Norman P I Palmeri A Pappalardo G S Pastircák B Pellegrini F Píska K Pisút J Pisútová N Posa F Quercigh Emanuele CERN Riggi F Romano G Safarík K Sándor L Schillings E Segato G F Sené M Sené R Snoeys W Staroba P Stolyarov O I Thompson M Thorsteinsen T F Tomasicchio G Torrieri G D Tsimbal F A Tulina T A Tveter T S Urbán J Valiev F F Van den Brink A Van de Ven P Van de Vyvre P van Eijndhoven N Vannucci Luigi Vascotto Alessandro Villalobos Baillie O Vinogradov I Virgili T Votruba M F Vrláková J Závada P 1999 661 716 20 In this paper, after recalling the main features of the NA57 experiment, we describe its silicon pixel tracker. (9 refs). research-article

Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., A Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., A 0167-5087 Performance of hybrid photon detector prototypes with 80% active area for the RICH counters of LHCb Albrecht E Alemi M Barber G J Bibby J H Campbell M Duane A Gys Thierry Montenegro J Piedigrossi D Schomaker R Snoeys W Wotton S A Wyllie Ken H 2000 442 164 70 We report on the ongoing work towards a hybrid photon detector with integrated Si pixel readout for the ring imaging Cherenkov detectors of the LHCb experiment at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. The photon detector is based on an electrostatically focussed image intensifier tube geometry where the image is de-magnified by a factor of ~5. The anode consists of a silicon pixel array, bump-bonded to a binary readout chip with matching pixel electronics. The performance of full-scale prototypes equipped with 61-pixel anodes and external analogue readout is presented. The average signal-to-noise ratio is ~11 with a peaking time of 1.2 mu s. The tube active-to-total surface ratio is 81.7%, which meets the LHCb requirements. The spatial precision is measured to be better than 90 mu m. A cluster of three such tubes has been installed in the LHCb RICH 1 prototype where Cherenkov gas rings have been successfully detected. Progress towards the encapsulation of new pixel electronics into a tube is also reported. In particular, the status of the development of a binary readout chip with a peaking time of 25 ns and a low and uniform detection threshold is summarized. (11 refs). research-article

A pixel readout chip for tracking at ALICE and particle identification at LHCb Wyllie Ken H Burns M Campbell M Cantatore E Cencelli V Dinapoli R Formenti F Grassi T Heijne Erik H M Jarron Pierre Kloukinas Kostas C Lamanna P Morel M O'Shea V Quiquempoix V San Segundo-Bello D Snoeys W 1999 research-article

Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., A Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., A 0167-5087 Layout techniques to enhance the radiation tolerance of standard CMOS technologies demonstrated on a pixel detector readout chip Snoeys W Faccio F Burns M Campbell M Cantatore E Carrer N Casagrande L Cavagnoli A Dachs C Di Liberto S Formenti F Giraldo A Heijne Erik H M Jarron Pierre Letheren M F Marchioro A Martinengo P Meddi F Mikulec B Morando M Morel M Noah E Paccagnella A Ropotar I Saladino S Sansen Willy Santopietro F Scarlassara F Segato G F Signe P M Soramel F Vannucci Luigi Vleugels K 2000 439 349 60 A new pixel readout prototype has been developed at CERN for high- energy physics applications. This full mixed mode circuit has been implemented in a commercial 0.5 mu m CMOS technology. Its radiation tolerance has been enhanced by designing all NMOS transistors in enclosed geometry and introducing guardrings wherever necessary. The technique is explained and its effectiveness demonstrated on various irradiation measurements on individual transistors and on the prototype. Circuit performance started to degrade only after a total dose of 600 krad-1.7 Mrad depending on the type of radiation. 10 keV X-rays, /sup 60/Co gamma-rays, 6.5 MeV protons, and minimum ionizing particles were used. Implications of this layout approach on the circuit design and perspectives for even deeper submicron technologies are discussed. (20 refs). research-article

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IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 0018-9499 Development of hybrid photon detectors with integrated silicon pixel readout for the RICH counters of LHCb Alemi M Campbell M Formenti F Gys Thierry Piedigrossi D Puertolas D Rosso E Snoeys W Wyllie Ken H 1999 46 1901 1906 We report on the ongoing work towards a hybrid photon detector with integrated silicon pixel readout for the ring imaging Cherenkov detectors of the LHCb experiment at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. The photon detector is based on a cross-focussed image intensifier tube geometry where the image is de-magnified by a factor of 4. The anode consists of a silicon pixel array, bump-bonded to a fast, binary readout chip with matching pixel electronics. The performance of a half-scale prototype is presented, together with the developments and tests of a full-scale tube with large active area. Specific requirements for pixel front-end and readout electronics in LHCb are outlined, and recent results obtained from pixel chips applicable to hybrid photon detector design are summarized. research-article

IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 0018-9499 A pixel readout chip for 10-30 MRad in standard 0.25 mu m CMOS Campbell M Anelli G Burns M Cantatore E Casagrande L Delmastro M Dinapoli R Faccio F Heijne Erik H M Jarron Pierre Lupták M Marchioro A Martinengo P Minervini D Morel M Pernigotti E Ropotar I Snoeys W Wyllie Ken H 1999 46 156 160 A radiation tolerant pixel detector readout chip has been developed in a commercial 0.25 mu m CMOS process. The chip is a matrix of two columns of 65 identical cells. Each readout cell comprises a preamplifier, a shaper filter, a discriminator, a delay line and readout logic. The chip occupies 10 mm/sup 2/, and contains about 50000 transistors. Electronic noise (~220 e rms) and threshold dispersion (~160 e rms) allow operation at 1500 e average threshold. The radiation tolerance of this mixed mode analog-digital circuit has been enhanced by designing NMOS transistors in enclosed geometry and introducing guardrings wherever necessary. The chip, which was developed at CERN for the ALICE and LHCb experiments, was still operational after receiving 3.6*10/sup 13/ protons over an area of 2 mm *2 mm. Other chips were irradiated with X-rays and remained fully functional up to 30 Mrad(SiO2) with only minor changes in analog parameters. These results indicate that careful use of deep submicron CMOS technologies can lead to circuits with high radiation tolerance. research-article

Radiation tolerance beyond 10-mrad for a pixel readout chip in standard submicron CMOS Snoeys W Burns M Campbell M Cantatore E Dinapoli R Faccio F Heijne Erik H M Jarron Pierre Marchioro A Martinengo P Minervini D Morel M Pernigotti E Ropotar I Wyllie Ken H Lupták M 1998 research-article

Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., A Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., A 0167-5087 First operation of a hybrid photon detector prototype with electrostatic cross-focussing and integrated silicon pixel readout Alemi M Campbell M Gys Thierry Mikulec B Piedigrossi D Puertolas D Rosso E Schomaker R Snoeys W Wyllie Ken H 2000 449 We report on the first operation of a hybrid photon detector prototype with integrated silicon pixel readout for the ring imaging Cherenkov detectors of the LHCb experiment. The photon detector is based on a cross-focussed image intensifier tube geometry where the image is de-magnified by a factor of 4. The anode consists of a silicon pixel array, bump-bonded to a binary readout chip with matching pixel electronics. The prototype has been characterized using a low-intensity light-emitting diode operated in pulsed mode. Its performance in terms of single-photoelectron detection efficiency and imaging properties is presented. A model of photoelectron detection is proposed, and is shown to be in good agreement with the experimental data. It includes an estimate of the charge signal generated in the silicon detector, and the combined effects of the comparator threshold spread of the pixel readout chip, charge sharing at the pixel boundaries and back-scattering of the photoelectrons at the silicon detector surface. research-article